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» Poule problème respiratoire
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» probleme pour avaler mouvement de cou
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» Enfin
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» Poule gonflée tête et pattes
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» huiles essentielles
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 Pré-Columbian (Araucana) New Finding

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MessageSujet: Pré-Columbian (Araucana) New Finding   Pré-Columbian (Araucana) New Finding - Page 2 Icon_minitimeSam 21 Fév 2009 - 16:15

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Tufty a écrit:

NEW YORK (GenomeWeb News) – New research is casting doubt on the notion that there was extensive pre-Columbian trading between Polynesia and South America.

An international team of researchers sequenced mitochondrial DNA from 41 Chilean chickens and analyzed their phylogenetic relationships by comparing them with available ancient samples and with more than 1,000 modern domestic chickens from different parts of the world.

The results, appearing online this week in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, suggest that Chilean chickens share mitochondrial sequence with both Polynesian and European chickens, originating in the Indian subcontinent. As such, the new work fails to support — though it doesn’t disprove — the idea that there was pre-historic trade between early Polynesians and South Americans.

“Polynesians are known to have spread chickens across the Pacific at least as far as Easter Island, but were not thought to have introduced them to South America,” senior author Alan Cooper, director of the Australian Centre for Ancient DNA in Adelaide, explained in a statement.

But that didn’t stop some from speculating that there were chickens in America before the arrival of Spaniards in the 15th century. The presence of some unusual chicken breeds, including the Araucana and Passion Fowl, found in Chile fueled speculation that early Dutch or Polynesian traders had introduced chickens to the region before Columbus’ arrival.

And that theory was bolstered last year by research published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences linking chicken sequences at Chilean and Polynesian archeological sites. Based on their radiocarbon data and analyses of a short mitochondrial DNA control region, the researchers working on that paper concluded that there was a pre-Columbian introduction of chickens — originating in Polynesia — to the Arauco Peninsula in Chile.

For the latest study, Cooper and his team sequenced mitochondrial DNA from 41 different Chilean chicken breeds — 28 Araucanas, seven creole, one Japanese Long Tail, and five Passion Fowl — selected from a dozen sites within the country. They then compared these sequences with ancient Polynesian and Chilean chicken sequences and with roughly a thousand domestic chicken sequences.

When the researchers analyzed phylogenetic relationships between the birds, they found evidence that the proposed pre-Columbian chicken did share some sequence with Polynesian chickens. But, importantly, this sequence appears to have a worldwide distribution, removing genetic support for a direct relationship between Polynesian and South American birds.

“The results showed that the ancient Polynesian and Chilean chickens possessed a genetic sequence that is the most common in the world today, the so-called ‘KFC’ gene,” Cooper said. “This sequence would undoubtedly have been common in the early Spanish chickens, and therefore provides no evidence of Polynesian contact.”

In contrast, the team discovered an uncommon haplotype on Easter Island that is shared with chickens in the Indonesian islands and parts of Japan and the Philippines. So far, though, researchers have not detected the sequence representing that rare haplotype in Polynesia.

The team’s mitochondrial DNA analysis also provided evidence supporting the idea that European chickens originated in the Indian subcontinent and were dispersed to other parts of the world from there.

In the future, the team noted, more work will be necessary to determine the timing of chicken dispersal throughout and adaptation to the Americas and South East Asia. “Of particular interest will be chickens kept by some indigenous communities in the Amazon forest, the origins of which remain unclear,” they wrote.

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MessageSujet: Re: Pré-Columbian (Araucana) New Finding   Pré-Columbian (Araucana) New Finding - Page 2 Icon_minitimeSam 21 Mar 2009 - 15:52

kermit a écrit:
Pré-Columbian (Araucana) New Finding - Page 2 Abunaisecondarycovertspeculum
Ok- I realize you are probably all wondering how and why I could go on and on about a breed of chicken that is not even remotely related to our beloved Araucanians. I'm writing about the Tel Megiddo/Lakenvelder and soon the Egyptian Fayoumi to make some really important points about the origins of ALL domestic fowl. The APA is concerned with pure breeding of standard breeds. So much has been based on faulty information- that is the origin of the domestic chicken- its supposed single ancestor the Red Junglefowl- etc. that we get to a point where people don't realize that the history of domestication of every single breed is founded on hybrid stock followed by close genetic inbreeding. In other words, if there had been no crossing between the Indian Red and Burmese Red; the Philippines Red and the Indonesian Red there would be no basic stock from which all domestic chicken breeds would eventually be refined from. Consequently, it should be of little surprise that very early on in the domestication of the chicken, that is some several thousand years ago, the males of each and every one of the other wild junglefowl species were utilized in the development of one breed or another.
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In order to conserve these highly refined breeds - all these thousands of years later- we must breed them true- and this requires that there be standards (when appropriate/applicable). Further improvement of breeds is the next issue- as improvement for exhibition all too often conflicts with selective breeding for the enhancement of egg colour/size and shape; improvement for survivability ( in the face of predators) etc.. In my opinion, we have elevated the value of the exhibition stock without making much attempt to find or even explore consensus on just what it is that defines a breed. For me, the Tel Megiddo/Lakenvelder is a prime example of collective forgetting.
For people native to the Near East, who would immigrate to Europe and introduce with them the miraculous bird that produced eggs.
I don't mean to belabor the point, but of course eggs were indispensable in the creation of a whole new cornucopia of baked goods.
Citation :

In ancient history, the first evidence of baking occurred when humans took wild grass grains, soaked them in water, and mixed everything together, mashing it into a kind of broth-like paste. The paste was cooked by pouring it onto a flat, hot rock, resulting in a bread-like substance. Later, this paste was roasted on hot embers, which made bread-making easier, as it could now be made anytime fire was created. Around 2500 B.C., records show that the Egyptians had bread, and may have learned the process from the Babylonians. The Greek Aristophanes, around 400 B.C., also recorded information that showed that tortes with patterns and honey flans existed in Greek cuisine. Dispyrus was also created by the Greeks around that time and widely popular; was a donut-like bread made from flour and honey and shaped in a ring; soaked in wine, it was eaten when hot.
Baking flourished in the Roman Empire. In about 300 B.C., the pastry cook became an occupation for Romans (known as the pastillarium). This became a respected profession because pastries were considered decadent, and Romans loved festivity and celebration. Thus, pastries were often cooked especially for large banquets, and any pastry cook who could invent new types of tasty treats was highly prized. Around 1 A.D., there were more than three hundred pastry chefs in Rome, and Cato wrote about how they created all sorts of diverse foods, and flourished because of those foods. Cato speaks of an enormous amount of breads; included amongst these are the libum (sacrificial cakes made with flour), placenta (groats and cress), spira (our modern day flour pretzels), scibilata (tortes), savaillum (sweet cake), and globus apherica (fritters). A great selection of these, with many different variations, different ingredients, and varied patterns, were often found at banquets and dining halls. The Romans baked bread in an oven with its own chimney, and had mills to grind grain into flour.
Eventually, because of Rome, the art of baking became known throughout Europe, and eventually spread to the eastern parts of Asia. Bakers often baked goods at home and then sold them in the streets. This scene was so common that Rembrandt illustrated a work that depicted a pastry chef selling pancakes in the streets of Germany, with children clamoring for a sample. In London, pastry chefs sold their goods from handcarts. This developed into a system of delivery of baked goods to households, and demand increased greatly as a result. In Paris, the first open-air café of baked goods was developed, and baking became an established art throughout the entire world.
We chicken aficionados can add something to the above reference on baking- and that is the introduction of the egg. It absolutely transformed the cuisine of every culture that adopted the domestic chicken. Eggs made everything from pasta to bagels possible.
Its difficult for us to imagine what the world was like before the advent of the egg production laying breeds.
Perhaps we take the chicken for granted as badly as the rest of the population. When I saw those Lakenvelders on exhibit at the Big Chicken Jamboree or whatever it was called in Indiana, it nearly broke my heart- not because I thought the birds were uncomfortable in their show cages or not being cared for by their handlers. I was disturbed with the complete indifference this modern culture has for the hard work and dedication, the tireless maintenance and refinement of the ancient breeds of our ancestors. If it hadn't been for the Indus Valley Civilization and South East Asian cultures, like those of Vietnam and Burma, we would never have known any sort of domestic chicken.
A few centuries later, the migration of the Indo-Aryan wise men( who after arriving in Ur came to be known as the Avraham, short for Holy Men of the Brahmanputra river) into the Near East, led to an eventual burgeoning cultural diaspora that would eventually give birth to the Hurrian Mittani, the Hebrews of the Levant and Ethiopia. Many people know the name Abraham/Avraham/Abrahm/Ibrihim but few of them know the origins of the name or place it in time or place preceding the Judeo-Christian and/or Islamic religious history. We can literally trace the origins of the name Abrahm onto a world map and compare and contrast it with the migration of the domestic chicken from the Indus Valley -across Mesopotamia to Syria and Palestine- and from there to Egypt and Ethiopia on the one hand and across the Mediterranean on the other. This ancient branch of human culture, grew more complicated over the centuries, splitting out into ever finer distinctions and cultural identities that just about no one can make sense of today. People always seem to be fighting over Tel Megiddo in Palestine- and dividing up its treasures. But the Tel Megiddo hen, mother of all Mediterranean chicken breeds, from the Egyptian Fayoumi to the Minorca, to the Leghorn and the Penedesencas, the Campine and other Frankish breeds-its also the mother of Ethiopian chicken breeds which I won't get into at this moment- Regardless, this Lakenvelder/ Tel Megiddo deserves to be better known than just some fancy show chicken that carries the dubious title of " Shadow on a Sheet". This showy and highly refined phase well known by all to anyone that has ever picked up a hatchery catalog, has an ancient history which is connected to all of us for its central role in the development of all Mediterranean breeds.
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MessageSujet: Re: Pré-Columbian (Araucana) New Finding   Pré-Columbian (Araucana) New Finding - Page 2 Icon_minitimeSam 21 Mar 2009 - 15:56

[quote="kermit"]Pré-Columbian (Araucana) New Finding - Page 2 Fayoumipullet
So we've covered some ground on the Lakenvelder and if you care to rewind your memory card a bit, you may recall that long before there was such a refined confectionery heirloom of a breed as a Lakenvelder, there was a fortress city in the Levant called Tel Megiddo which bridged Mesopotamia and the Indus Valley Civilization with the Mediterranean Sea and Egypt. Before there was such a breed as the Lakenvelder, the "Tel Megiddo Phase " at the foundation of the Lakenvelder's development underwent sufficient homogenization, that is, the vast majority of all the chickens living in the Levant at this period were exceedingly closely related. While they may not have been particularly tame or pretty, they bred true - in the sense that one of three or four phenotypic morphs were all that would hatch from each clutch and each morph could be bred to type for those that were so inclined. We must remember that use of the domestic fowl at this stage was largely ceremonial. Its rooster crow was considered at the time as its crowning achievement. Its propensity to stick around and entertain with all its antics and the beauty of the birds were not lost on the ancients either. If anything, people probably searched for excuses to keep their showy pets . The daily production of eggs was also fascinating and useful, but there simply were not enough chickens about, at this level of domestication, to jettison them to the indispensable category where they are today. Only the royal and religious classes were familiar with the domestic fowl at this point in time and history.
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In order to understand the development of the Egyptian Fayoumi we have to rewind a fair bit, to revisit ancient Egypt and get a handle on a place known by archaeologists and world historians as the Egyptian Labyrinth. It was built quite a bit earlier than the development of the hills of Palestine which would eventually become the fortress of Tel-Megiddo. So we have to go back in time a few thousand years before the first chicken arrived even in the Levant - much less Egypt.
http://www.catchpenny.org/labyrin.html
Citation :


The Egyptian Labyrinth

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The first recorded maze in history was the Egyptian Labyrinth. Herodotus, a Greek traveler and writer, visited the Egyptian Labyrinth in the 5th century, BC. The building was located just above Lake Moeris and opposite the city of the crocodiles (Crocodilopolis). Herodotus was very impressed by it, stating, "I found it greater than words could tell, for although the temple at Ephesus and that at Samos are celebrated works, yet all the works and buildings of the Greeks put together would certainly be inferior to this labyrinth as regards labor and expense." Herodotus added that even the pyramids were surpassed by the Egyptian Labyrinth.
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Paul Lucas sketched this drawing of the remains of the Egyptian Labyrinth in 1700.

Herodotus was told that the land of Egypt had been divided into twelve kingdoms, or nomes, each ruled by a king. The kings had come together to leave a memorial of themselves through this temple which was called Arsino�, which means "the temple at the entrance of the lake." The entire building was surrounded by a wall and contained 12 courts with 3,000 chambers. The roof of the temple was composed of stone and the walls were covered with sculpture. On one side of the labyrinth was a pyramid 243 feet high. The temple was in two levels with half of the rooms above ground and the rest below. Herodotus was guided through the upper part of the labyrinth, but was not permitted to go underground. He was told that the rooms below contained the bodies of the kings that constructed the temple and the tombs of sacred crocodiles.
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The ancient writer Pliny in his book "Natural History," written in the first century AD, also talks a little about this labyrinth. He noted that the labyrinth contained palaces and temples to all the gods of Egypt as well as "banquet halls reached by steep ascents, flights of ninety steps leading down from the porticoes, porphyritic columns, figures of gods and hideous monsters, and statues of kings." Pliny goes on to say, "Some of the palaces are so made that the opening of a door makes a terrifying sound as of thunder. Most of the buildings are in total darkness."
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Little remains of this once-impressive structure today. In 1700 a European traveler named Paul Lucas visited the site and published an account of the remains, including sketches, as he saw them. Over a century later K.R. Lepsius led an expedition and uncovered a series of brick chambers which he identified as the labyrinth. The location was not definately determined until Professor Flinders Petrie explored the site in 1888. Petrie identified the wall found by Lepsius as the remains of a Roman town and then went on to find the foundation of the actual labyrinth which measured 1,000 feet long by 800 feet wide.
Archaeologists now believe that the temple was built by Amenemhat III around 4,000 years ago and the mummified remains of Amenemhat and his daughter have been found in the associated pyramid. The exact purpose of the building is still a matter of speculation, but one thing is for sure: it is the oldest-known structure to which the label labyrinth has been applied.

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Bos indicus or Zebu Cattle originally from the Indus Civilization were introduced to Egypt at the same time as the Indus Phase domestic fowl. Subsequently, the Zebu Cattle were interbred with Egyptian Cattle whose wild ancestor was native to the Nile Valley and Eastern Sahara. The recombined stocks gave rise to the East African Cattle known as the Angkole and Watusi Cattle. Ancient Egyptian art reveals that the arrival of the Indus Valley Cattle coincides with the New Kingdom which like the introduction of the domestic fowl to Egypt, occurred during the 18th Dynasty. .
The Egyptian Fayoumi is like the Lakenvelder, an ancient breed derived of the Indus Lineage stock. The Tel Megiddo and the Egyptian Fayoumi split from the same family branch somewhere between ~ 1425 and 1397 BC. which is approximately three thousand, five hundred years ago.
Their common ancestral heirloom lineage, which will be referred to here as, "Indus Phase" was refined durings it short stop over in Mesopotamia (Ur) before its eventual transmigration to Palestine . Once in Palestine, this stock underwent several levels of refinement in the Tel Megiddo ( Har Megiddo) region. Here in these fortressed valleys, the Indus Heirloom lineage and root stock of the domestic fowl was maintained to the exclusion of all other domestic chicken breeds. No other breeds had yet to be developed in this part of the world. The Egyptian Fayoumi was developed from one phase of the Indus Lineage which was relatively primitive ( " early Tel Megiddo phase) whilst the Lakenvelder and other Mediterranean breeds were bred from a much more refined phase of the same stock ( final Tel Megiddo phase), many centuries later.
We know from the annals of history that greatly esteemed roosters and hens of this early "Tel Megiddo phase" of the Indus lineage were presented as tribute to King Thutmose III during the mid 18th Dynasty ( 14th Century BCE). As the Egyptians had never before seen a chicken, it was met with no little fanfare. Subsequent to its arrival in Egypt, this Tel Megiddo Phase stock of the Indus Lineage fowl underwent yet another transformative and uniquely African phase. The Egyptian chapter culminates with the development and refinement of our beloved Egyptian Fayoumi, which is one if not the most important egg producing breeds in all of Africa. This is the first and only breed that was developed primarily on the African continent. Many people fail to realize that Egypt is on the African continent.
So how did we get to the Fayoumi and how does it differ from the Lakenvelder -and while we are at it- how does it differ from the Campine?
Let's get down to brass tacks with the naturalization of Gallus domesticus in Egypt.
As the ancients lacked proper chicken coops, or aviaries, these newly imported curiosities- were released into the high walled gardens and sacred groves surrounding the Egyptian labyrinth, which sprawled across many miles in the Fayoum Oasis/marshlands. Due to the primitive state of the stock, that is, they were not all that domesticated to begin with, these semi-domestic flocks quickly went feral, as chickens are prone to do when given the opportunity. With each generation, they further reverted to wild type eking out a survival in the wild marshes and thorn forests where the birds quickly became naturalized as a feral species. This reversal in terms of domestication, the chickens of Fayoum Oasis were reverting to the wild as opposed to becoming more domesticated, more essentially useful to human kind, this was happening for two major reasons.
1. the religious caste of Egyptian priests who were the stewards of the Egyptian Labyrinth were strictly vegetarian, eating neither fat, nor flesh, eggs or fish. They had no active participation in the development of the Fayoum chicken, save for protecting them against poachers and predators and providing them with sanctuary and food, which were essentially the same things the high religious caste of the Indus Valley had done for their first semi-domestic cattle and fowl a few chapters earlier.
2. The first Fayoum fowl were skittish and wild to begin with. Their male ancestors were largely Grey Junglefowl hybrids. The thorny marshes and palm groves of Fayoum were ideal habitats for those individuals with Grey Junglefowl instincts and survivability skills. Native predators helped sculpt the reversal the rest of the way. It wasn't until Cleopatra's Greco-Roman era, nearly a thousand years later, that the wild fowl of the Fayoum Oasis were captured up and re domesticated as it were. Im skipping ahead a bit so let me keep editing this for clarity without further confusing the chapters in history.
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To reiterate once again, the original stock that gave rise to the modern Fayoumi was, at the time of their introduction to Egyptian, still fairly close to the Indus Valley phase and this means that while they came from Tel Megiddo in the Levant, they had not yet reached the level of development in domestication that the last few incarnations of the Tel Megiddo lineage would, before being carried across the Mediterranean and into Europe to become the basis of each and every one of the layer breeds.
The only individuals that survived to reproduce and indeed did breed successfully, were capable of flight and self survival; they resisted periods of drought and knew how to hide their eggs. In other words, when King Thutmose III was sent a few dozen chickens from Tel Megiddo during the mid 18th Dynasty, the birds were not as domesticated and thoroughly homogenized as the stock that would be carried out of Palestine during the Roman era during the era of the birth of Christ. If you can intuit history for a moment- the chickens scratching about in Bethlehem the day Christ was born, these would have been the last Tel Megiddo Phase- which immediately precedes the introduction of the domestic fowl to the Mediterranean and Europe. During the early Tel Megiddo Phase, nearly 2000 years before the birth of Christ, Gallus domesticus in the Levant = and these were the only chickens in the Near East at that time, were barely domesticated- closely bred because of the very small founder pool of their progenitors- but nevertheless, only a few stages from being wild junglefowl.
At the time of their arrival in Egypt during the mid 18th Dynasty, during the early Tel Megiddo phase, they would have been similar in size and shape, to the Red Junglefowl, perhaps a bit larger, with just a few telltale traits that would set them apart from that wild species.

Something that likely distinguished this stock from the Red Junglefowl progenitors-would have been the markings of the females, which may well have been patterned slightly differently than a typical Red Junglefowl because of the Grey Junglefowl sires in their ancestry. Grey Junglefowl females are camouflaged in exceedingly dry evergreen hill forest. Red Junglefowl females are camouflaged for life in tropical deciduous forest. The Grey Junglefowl female's dorsal plumage is strikingly marked with vivid pale centers to each feather- the breast is even more boldly patterned in highly contrasting white and black markings which serve to conceal her while perched in the thorn forest. The Red Junglefowl female lacks any striking demarcations in her plumage as she lives in moister understorey where the leaf litter is deep and she only need merge with the forest floor to be concealed. In other words, the females of the early Tel Megiddo phase probably closely resembled a Modern Game.

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MessageSujet: Re: Pré-Columbian (Araucana) New Finding   Pré-Columbian (Araucana) New Finding - Page 2 Icon_minitimeSam 21 Mar 2009 - 15:57

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*note traits of Red Junglefowl

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* note traits of f1 Grey JF X Red JF composite-the " Indus Phase" naturalized to the marshes of the Fayoum Oasis, will have reverted further back to wild type in just a few generations, as individuals that expressed more of the Grey Junglefowl's genetics thrived and domestic Red Junglefowl derived traits were selected against by intense predation pressure .
The vast majority of males used as founders back in Tel Meggido would have been closely related - all having been sired by only a very few prized males and each of these sires being the product of Grey Junglefowl X Red Junglefowl hybridization- prior to their introduction to Mesopotamia , during the Indus Phase. This line breeding using fixed genetics- only a very few male founders, each closely related to one another and all with the same hybrid ancestry bred to the exclusion of all other males would have fixed certain phenotypic traits unique to the progeny stock. These traits would reappear in each generation with consistency. The phenotypic transformation of colour and pattern with each generation, would not be lost on their human neighbors either. The more unique an individual appeared, the higher its worth. Though no female Grey Junglefowl's genes have ever been found in the matrilineal ancestry(mtDNA) of any known domestic breed, the males of the Grey Junglefowl have most certainly contributed their genes as has been made evident in the recent findings of university research groups in Sweden, Russia and Japan, which have each independently located irrefutable evidence linking Grey Junglefowl males and/or Ceylon Junglefowl males with the presence of the yellow pigment gene responsible for yellow legs and skin. This gene does not exist in any other species of Junglefowl. The Indus Phase of the domestic fowl was obviously of vital importance to the development of all domestic chicken breeds as the majority of domestic breeds the world over are yellow legged.
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* note traits of Adult Male, Adult Female and Juvenile Grey Junglefowl
Any level of backcrossing during the primitive Indus Phase, where the male Grey Hybrid's offspring successfully nested and produced chicks with its own domestic, non-hybrid mother's line, the more accentuated some of the Grey junglefowl novel traits would become. As there were no new birds of either sex being carried into Tel Megiddo during the century and half period that it was under attack during the 18th Dynasty, we can be assured that the limited number of male founders was very much at work defining the phenotype of that very localized population.
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Theoretical Indus Phase :the earliest stage of the stock developed in Tel-Megiddo, which would eventually give rise to the respective Mediterranean breeds including the Egyptian Fayoumi, Penedencas, Leghorn and Lakenvelder
When the Indus Phase progenitors of the Egyptian Fayoumi were first introduced to the Fayoum Oasis, many would likely have exhibited a dark mutation where the female is dark sepia tones with a russet head and neck, which Ghigi found to be a common mutation exhibited amongst backcross sonnerati hybrids with gallus. . The largest percentage of males of this Indus Phase, would have had some lacing on their breasts. The one trait that would make these birds recognizable as descendants of Red Junglefowl, would be the characteristic orange hackles and many ~ half, would likely exhibit a black breast- which is absent in the lace breasted Grey and Ceylon Junglefowl males. Unlike Red Junglefowl, but like the Ceylon, Grey and Green Junglefowl, this phase of the Indus lineage would have likely exhibited dark secondary wing feathers. This would make them appear to be black winged, save for their shoulder epullettes/ median coverts/ secondary wing speculum. Yellow skin and legs would have been fairly common as well- or masked by other genes to produce willow legs.
http://www.touregypt.net/featurestories/fayoumhistory.htm[/quote]

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MessageSujet: Re: Pré-Columbian (Araucana) New Finding   Pré-Columbian (Araucana) New Finding - Page 2 Icon_minitimeSam 21 Mar 2009 - 16:00

kermit a écrit:
Pré-Columbian (Araucana) New Finding - Page 2 GloriaHermontolorFayoumiGamecrosshe
Theoretical mid-Tel-Megiddo Phase of the Lakenvelder and Egyptian Fayoumi of the 14th Century BCE
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So there isn't much left of the Egyptian Labyrinth today. There are acacia and palm grove woodlands close to remaining lakes, and these thin out and reticulate for many miles in two directions. Lake Moeris was virtually abandoned as the centre of Egyptian cultural life for a new citadel and palace city of Karnak, many hundreds of miles to the south. The royal gardens went wild. Thutmose III and his son Amenhotep II certainly paid their annual respects to the ancestral tombs within the already ancient Egyptian Labyrinth, but the population of people living around Lake Moeris decreased exponentially. Only the religious caste and small fishing villages remained as permanent inhabitants.The desert encroached and the feral Gallus domesticus of the Fayoum Oasis experienced a severe genetic bottleneck where their population was probably down to only a few hundred, very closely related individuals. The population of semi-domestic Indus Phase fowl which had acclimatised in the lush gardens a few hundred years earlier, were thusly left to fend for themselves in an oasis rapidly being overtaken by arid woodland and waterless desert.
As we examined in the case of the oceanic island populations of hybrid junglefowl, carried overseas by Melanesians, populations sired by Green Junglefowl sires tended to fare better in many instances due to the ecological adaptations that their progeny accrued from Green Jungleofwl ancestors. The Oceania island races thrived on sea life that washed up on shores- and could subsist on very little fresh water, for example.
The lush Fayoum Oasis- surrounded by an ocean of sand and hot desert- was, for all intensive purposes, also an island. But this island was not an ideal habitat for the Red Junglefowl.
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The feral Indus Phase chickens of the Fayoum Oasis had limited founders, probably no more than a few dozen every arrived to begin with. Only a few of these original founders were probably able to reproduce consistently. With the ever-present native predators stalking through the palm groves and thorn forest, it is doubtful that many hens were able to rear their chicks, even if they managed to hide their clutches long enough to hatch them. The Grey Junglefowl ancestry was probably a deciding factor in the survival and continuing perpetuation of the Fayoum population. As more and more of the human population migrated away, the wildest and wariest of the Indus Phase fowl remained and they probably radiated out as junglefowl have a propensity to - into the most tangled of thorn patches as well as into the ruins of the Labyrinth itself. Only those individuals that could fly exceedingly well and were camouflaged in their surroundings survived to breed. Birds of Prey in the Oasis are at their highest during the annual migration of European birds on their way into SubSaharan Africa but there are always a dozen species of fowl-hunting raptors for the birds to contend with. Individual cockerels that exhibited delayed maturity- that is had a distinct subadult plumage which signals to other males that they are not yet old enough to hold territories of their own- were also more likely to survive because the adult males will have tolerated their presence for the entire subadult period. When the species is able to join up in big clumps all year, versus just during the non-breeding season as is the case with Red Junglefowl, the members of the entire flock benefit. Safety in numbers and more feet to unearth invertebrates.
Red Junglefowl mature faster and adopt different reproductive strategies than Grey, Ceylon and Green Junglefowl, which is why the Red species can live in the same regions as the Green and the Grey but in completely different ecosystems. The Grey and Green Junglefowl are ecological specialists that live in habitats that the Red cannot survive long in. The individuals which expressed the most wild traits ( of both the Red and the Grey species)were the ultimate survivors. As they had the genes of two different subspecies of the Red Junglefowl as well as that of the Grey Junglefowl in their veins, their evolutionary potential was wider than it might have been if the birds released into the Fayoum Oasis were just semi-domestic Red Junglefowl.
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But something remarkable occurred about twenty years after the Tel Megiddo fowl arrived in Egypt. Another junglefowl species was introduced that captured and held the imagination of the Egyptians for a good deal longer. The new species was the Ceylon Junglefowl. It appeared to be crafted from gold and carnelian, wore an extravagant crown that even the Egyptians thought was outrageous and best of all, it crowed an announcement that sounded all the world to the ancient Egyptians- like "djet heqet! "
Meaning roughly- "rejoice the stability of She who hastens birth!" Heqet was a frog headed goddess that symbolized the fertility and regeneration of the annual inundation of the Nile. So the introduction of the Ceylon Junglefowl rooster- so far as we know there were no hens-had quite an impact on the court of Thutmose III, so much so, that another large shipment of males of this species evidentially arrived during the reign of his son Amenhotep II. What this means to us is this:
1. A closed flock of very closely inbred semi-domestic birds, which were direct descendant of a single importation of Tel Megiddo phase fowl, themselves closely bred from an earlier Indus Valley strain,were introduced to the Fayoum Oasis. These birds survived many decades of indifference and even neglect at the hands of the Egyptian religious caste and yet still thrived- left to their own devices.
2. These birds would have eventually died out altogether if it weren't for - two separate importations of a new sacred rooster from Ceylon( Sri Lanka). The newly imported roosters greatly outnumbered the few feral Tel Megiddo Phase chickens that had gone wild around the temple gardens.
Like the Mesopotamians, the Egyptians were close trading partners with the Indus Valley Civilization for a very long while. They traded for goods from the Mesopotamians via Syria and the Levant. Mesopotamia maintained a hegemony of sorts over Indian trade. As a consequence, Egyptians rarely traded directly with the subcontinent itself, and when they did, it was a major event for both cultures. The Egyptians and the Indians had a great deal in common culturally and ethnically speaking and religious scholars from each respective country traveled to their sister land where they lived and worked, sometimes for generations. The ancient Egyptians were particularly dependent on India for their insatiable need for spices. The Egyptians traded their endemic crops to the Indians. Sesame, Coffee, Cilantro, Fennel and Basil would be exported to the Indians for their Cumin, Turmeric, Cinnamon, Tea, and Cloves. Sri Lanka was as it is now, its own independent kingdom. Egyptians traded directly with Sri Lanka every half century or so as a part of their ritual trading travels to the Horn of Africa, Madagascar and Indonesia.
Like the Indians, Egyptians used pungent spices and herbs as both medicine and food as well as in dyes, incense and mummification rituals.
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One of the most significant spices for the ancient Egyptians was Cinnamon. This came from Sri Lanka ( Ceylon) via Punt ( Horn of Africa).
The first illustrations of chickens known from Egypt go back to the reign of Thutmose III who is infamous for his attack on the fortress of Tel-Megiddo ( Har Megiddo) which is where the word Armageddon derives from.
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Getting back to Gallus- depictions and descriptions of domestic fowl from the Levant from this period are well documented but the big surprise for true chicken geeks like me- is the ostracon of an adult male Ceylon Junglefowl in gold with an inscription linking the bird to the rising sun and more tellingly , to Cinnamon and the land beyond Punt. In short, Thutmose III may have been very pleased with his plunder from Tel-Megiddo, including some Tel-Megiddo chickens but his highest ranking officers in the Egyptian Navy were decorated with a king's treasure for their retrieval of Cinnamon and the Golden King of the Fowls- whose voice hearkens the Rising Sun- and rejoices the stability of the goddess Heqet- that is, Gallus lafayetti. .
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The deciding factor that probably tipped the odds for the Egyptian Fayoumi's long-term survivability, was the relationship that Thutmose III had with the island kingdom of Sri Lanka. The Egyptians were so dependent on Cinnamon, which was endemic to the island of Sri Lanka ( once known as Ceylon), they stopped at nothing to procure this medicinal spice. The royal families of Sri Lanka sent Cinnamon back to Egypt along with hundreds of male Ceylon Junglefowl. The release of these gem-like plumaged birds into the Egyptian Labyrinth would have been higly ceremonial. The voices of these roosters would have been perceived as gifts from and to the Gods. Just how the local community of Fayoum fowl felt about the new immigrants we shall never know- but one thing is for certain, and that is that the Ceylon Junglefowl had a major genotypic effect on the Fayoum fowl


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Citation :
The Ceylon Junglefowl is a very close relative of the Grey Junglefowl. The females of the Grey and Ceylon are difficult to distinguish at a glance. In this way, the two Junglefowl species are akin to the Golden and Lady Amherst pheasants- and the Mandarin and Wood Ducks. The females are nearly identical while the males are very dissimilar, while equally gorgeous as the males of their closest relative species. At any rate, a hundred or more male Ceylon Junglefowl were released in the Fayoum Oasis where they co-mingled and mated with the dangerously inbred Indus Phase fowl that had gone feral there. The numbers of the male Ceylon Junglefowl were such that they would have genetically swamped the localized Tel Megiddo stock within twelve -fifteen generations. Had there been female Ceylon Junglefowl present, this would have been of more consequence as the initial genetic swamping would be recovered by subsequent generations of backcrossing back to the Tel Megiddo females.
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The Ceylon Junglefowl is different from the Red and Grey in that it breeds all year round. It is also socially polyandrous which means that each female is socially linked to a pride of males, only one of which breeds. The non-breeding males defend the hen, chicks and nest. This would have had an interesting effect on the Fayoum population. New blood would mean higher fertility rates in most clutches. The first few generations would have been exceedingly wild and even more flighty than the Indus Phase stock had been. They may have also nested off the ground - in palm trees for example, which is a trait hard-wired into the Ceylon.
Pré-Columbian (Araucana) New Finding - Page 2 MarquesisJunglefowlCrowingGS
Pré-Columbian (Araucana) New Finding - Page 2 Hanabayred_junglefowl_6386
* The theoretic mid- Fayoum Phase of the Egyptian Fayoumi- note breast markings of these feral junglefowl belie Ceylon ancestry.
More male Ceylon Junglefowl were probably released into the Fayoum Oasis during the reigns of Thutmose III and Amenhotep II than the entire population of the Tel Megiddo chickens. It must have been a colourful sight to see but an ultimately frustrating situation for the largest majority of roosters. Fortunately, lots of successful clutches resulted in lots of female chicks and the population of Gallus domesticus aegypticus boomed for centuries. At the end of the day, all the females that ever lived in Fayoum Oasis were Tel Megiddo stock and so no matter how exotic or colourful the post Ceylon generations may have been, the only females available to reproduce were going to be genetically related to their own mothers. After a few hundred years of backcrossing, that is all the birds in the Fayoum Oasis were once again fairly genetically homogeneous and sharing the same recent maternal ancestors, Henny Feathering became more and more prominent.
A unique phenotype emerged that was developed more by the natural predators and oppressive heat of the arid Egyptian woodland than selective breeding could hope to. After centuries of smörgåsbords in the Fayoum Oasis, the caracal desert lynx, the jungle cat, the jackals and mongoose- the monitor lizards and crocodiles- the falcons, eagles and hawks- they had been living off of the exotic fowls and the fowls that least matched the substrate lost out. The heaviest losses were likely the chicks and so here is where the selection for phenotype was fixed.
A newly refined version ( 'peppered' ) down pattern and colour of the Ceylon Junglefowl has been transferred onto the Egyptian Fayoumi. The genetic influence of the Ceylon Junglefowl males may not appear to be obvious in the Egyptian Fayoui at first glance- not until you look at its chicks, which are patterned like sandpiper and sandgrouse chicks- that is they are camouflaged amongst shorelines and desert sand but they have retained the Ceylon Junglefowl chicks' characteristic hue.
Pré-Columbian (Araucana) New Finding - Page 2 Junglefowl_f_w_chicks_ps
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Ceylon Junglefowl Chicks
Pré-Columbian (Araucana) New Finding - Page 2 FayouChik
Pré-Columbian (Araucana) New Finding - Page 2 EgyptianFayoumiChix
Fayoumi Chicks
Pré-Columbian (Araucana) New Finding - Page 2 LakChixBack
Lakenvelder Chicks

So flash forward a few thousand years- up to the Roman era just before the birth of the Christ child. Greeks, Romans and Persians were amongst the foreigners who crowded the banks of each of the surviving lakes in the Fayoum Oasis. - these communities had spilled into the Fayoum Oasis after it had been all but abandoned for centuries. These peoples captured the Fayoum fowl, probably with the aid of a few newly imported Late Phase Tel Megiddo flocks- and enticed them into captivity. It is likely that the wild Fayoum roosters took to mating with the Late Phase Tel Megiddo hens imported by the new immigrants and this is how the breed suddenly rose in prominence around the ancient world.
There were only two breeds of domestic chickens in the near east and Mediterranean at this time- the Late Phase Tel-Megiddo and the Egyptian Fayoumi when the Romans held the territory. They carried both breeds with them far and wide- and from these stocks all the Mediterranean breeds were derived.
Pré-Columbian (Araucana) New Finding - Page 2 CrelePendeselephantmbush
The Penedesencas is probably the closest living example of the Roman Era Fayoumi
Pré-Columbian (Araucana) New Finding - Page 2 FayoumiGoldPencilled
Pré-Columbian (Araucana) New Finding - Page 2 Fayoumipairheads
Pré-Columbian (Araucana) New Finding - Page 2 Eygyptianphayoumi
Pré-Columbian (Araucana) New Finding - Page 2 FayoumiFUK
Modern Egyptian Fayoumi
Pré-Columbian (Araucana) New Finding - Page 2 Brakel1
Now- moving to the Campine -this important breed is a descendant of Fayoumi fowl carried by the Romans into Brabant (Belgium) which was during Roman times inhabited by Celtic peoples before their expulsion by Germanic tribes.
Pré-Columbian (Araucana) New Finding - Page 2 Brakel2

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